UMBC offers several transportation options such as Transit Services, Casual Carpooling, and Zipcar for those without private transportation or for those who just want to reduce their carbon footprint.

Transit services provides seven shuttles that connect you to downtown Arbutus and Catonsville, Arundel Mills Mall, shopping centers and grocery stores, apartment complexes, BWI airport, and Marc and Light Rail stations. Because the transportation fee is included in mandatory tuition and fees, boarding is free-of-cost—just swipe your red UMBC ID to ride. Transit shuttle schedules can be located online at www.umbc.edu/transit, and printed copies are available at the office of Off-Campus Student Services. All shuttles are equipped with bike racks (except the Wave ‘n Ride which loops the campus) and free WIFI. The Transit Tracker mobile application can be downloaded to smartphones or accessed on the Transit website to track the real-time location of all shuttles.

In order to get to downtown Baltimore, you can hop on the MTA #35 public bus which stops directly at UMBC. MTA public buses #77 and #99 also service the UMBC campus directly. A one-way ticket costs $1.60 and a day pass costs $3.50. Frequent MTA riders can opt to purchase a discounted student pass called the “All Access College Transit Pass” at the office of Off-Campus Student Services for $39. This pass provides unlimited access for one month on local buses, metro subway, and light rail in Maryland—Marc train and Commuter buses are not included with this pass. To purchase regular or students passes for Marc train or Commuter buses, visit the MTA website at http://mta.maryland.gov/.

If Transit Services or MTA can’t get you to your desired destination conveniently, Casual Carpooling is another option. A UMBC student carpooling community is growing online at http://my.umbc.edu/groups/casualcarpooling. Join, connect, and create a carpool using the suggestions and carpooling etiquette tips provided. A carpool social will be hosted by Off-Campus Student Services on September 11, 2013 from 12-1pm in the UC Ballroom Lounge to alleviate some of the awkwardness of carpooling with strangers for the first time. Free lunch is provided.

Students are encouraged to use a Zipcar as their carpooling vehicle. Zipcar is a car-rental service available at UMBC for students, faculty, and staff. The traditional age requirement has been waived, so Zipcar membership is open to anyone 18 years old or older. UMBC campus community members can join for $25 and immediately receive $35 in driving credit as an incentive. Driving credit must be prepaid, and it includes gas and insurance costs. Two Zipcars are parked near UMBC’s Counseling Services on Center Road. More information about Zipcar can be found at http://www.zipcar.com/umbc.

Over the past decade, web applications have evolved to make heavy use of JavaScript in order to dynamically load content into web pages. One of the big challenges that developers face when creating these applications is preserving an accurate and useful browser history. Without this many of a browsers most used features, like the back and forward buttons, will not work as expected.

Browsers traditionally create history entries when a new page is visited but with a lot of applications now using AJAX to dynamically load content this method of tracking the session history is no longer sufficient. The History API gives developers the ability to navigate and manipulate the history so that an accurate representation of the user’s browsing pattern can be stored.

Navigating The Session History

In this first section you are going to learn about the methods used to navigate between history entries. Some of these methods mimic the functionality of the browser’s native controls.

All of the following methods and properties are part of the History object that can be accessed using window.history.

Note: The history interface is scoped to the current tab or frame so you can only navigate or manipulate the history associated with the current session. You cannot use the History API to access the global history for the browser as a whole.

The back() Method

Calling the back() method will cause the browser to navigate back to the previous entry in the session history. This mimics the behaviour of the browsers native back button.

window.history.back();

The forward() Method

The forward() method will cause the browser to navigate one place forward in the browser history.

window.history.forward();

The go(n) Method

The go(n) method allows you to navigate back or forward n number of places in the session history. To navigate backwards n should be a negative number.

// Go back two entries.
    window.history.go(-2);
    
    // Go forward 3 entries.
    window.history.go(3);

The length Property

The history objects length property tells you how many entries are in the session history. This can be useful when used in conjunction with the go() method.

// Go back to the first page.
    // (Assuming the you are starting on the last page.)
    var moves = window.history.length - 1;
    window.history.go(-moves);

Manipulating The Session History

Now that you know how to navigate the browser history lets take a look at the methods used to create and manipulate history entries.

The pushState() Method

The pushState() method is used to create a new history entry. This method has three parameters:

• stateObj – The state object is used to store data that is associated the new history entry. This could include the page title, a URL to load via AJAX or even the page content itself.
• title – The title parameter should act as a description for the history entry.
• URL – (optional) This is the URL that will be associated with the history entry. The browser won’t load this URL when pushState() is called, but will display it in the address bar. It’s worth noting that this URL may be loaded if the user decides to refresh the page or restarts the browser.

// Creates a new history entry.
    window.history.pushState(stateObj, title, URL);

The replaceState() Method

The replaceState() method is similar to pushState() in that it takes the same three parameters. However, rather than creating a new history entry, replaceState() updates the current history entry. This can be useful if you want to add some data to your state object after pushState() has been called.

// Updates the current history entry.
    window.history.replaceState(stateObj, title, URL);

Note: The pushState() and replaceState() methods will not cause a hashchange event to be fired.

The popstate Event

The popstate event is fired on window when the active history entry changes. Most commonly when the browsers back or forward buttons are clicked (or a call to back(), forward() or go() is executed).

The event passed into the listener callback contains a state property that is used to retrieve the state object that is associated with the history entry.

window.addEventListener('popstate', function(event) {
      var state = event.state;
    });

It’s worth noting that calls to pushState() and replaceState() will not trigger a popstate event.

Chrome and Safari will fire a popstate event when the page loads but Firefox doesn’t.

The state Property

To retrieve the state object for the current history entry you can examine the state property on the window.history object. This is useful if you need to read the state object when a popstate event has not been fired.

window.history.state;

Demo: Using the History API in The Wild

The demo application you are going to create.

Now that you understand how the History API works I’m going to guide you through how to build a simple web application that makes use of the API.

In this section you are going to build an application that consists of a number of pages that are loaded from a JavaScript object. You will use the History API to create history entries for each of the pages as they are displayed.

See the Demo Download The Code Resources

Creating the HTML and CSS

To begin with you will need to create an HTML file that contains some navigation links, a <h1> for the page title and a <div> for the content.

The style.css file used in this demo can be found in the code resources.

<!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <head>
      <meta charset="UTF-8">
      <title>History API Demo</title>
    
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
    </head>
    <body>
      <div id="page-wrapper">
        <nav>
          <ul>
            <li><a href="index.html" class="load-content">Home</a></li>
            <li><a href="about.html" class="load-content">About</a></li>
            <li><a href="products.html" class="load-content">Products</a></li>
            <li><a href="contact.html" class="load-content">Contact</a></li>
          </ul>
        </nav>
    
        <h1 id="title"></h1>
        <div id="content"></div>
      </div>
    
      <script src="history.js"></script>
    </body>
    </html>

Setting Up Your JavaScript

Now that you’ve got your HTML and CSS setup you need to create a file that will contain your JavaScript code.

Create a new file called history.js and add to it the following code.

window.onload = function() {
    
      // Content for the pages.
      // Note: You would probably want to load the page content using 
      // AJAX in a real application.
      var pages = {
        index: {
          title: "Home Page",
          content: "This is the home page."
        },
        about: {
          title: "About",
          content: "Some content about the business."
        },
        products: {
          title: "Products",
          content: "Buy some of our great products!"
        },
        contact: {
          title: "Contact",
          content: "Say hello! We love to chat."
        }
      }
    
      // Put the rest of the code in this tutorial here.
    }

Here you have created a JavaScript object called pages that contains four pages. Each of the pages has a title and some content.

Note: The code download includes a second example that demonstrates how to use AJAX to load the page content. Check out the history-ajax.js file.

Next you need to get references to some of the key elements on the page. The ones we are most interested in are the navigation links, the <h1> for the title and the <div> for the content.

Add the following to your JavaScript file.

// Get references to the page elements.
    var navLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.load-content');
    var titleElement = document.getElementById('title');
    var contentElement = document.getElementById('content');

Updating the Page Content

Next up you need to write a function that will update the content displayed on the page from the state object that is retrieved when popstate is fired. Lets call this function updateContent() and give it one parameter, stateObj.

Here you first want to use the stateObj.title property to update the document.title and innerHTML property of the titleElement. Then use the stateObj.content property to update contentElement.innerHTML.

We also add an if statement here to make sure that the state object is not null.

// Update the page content.
    var updateContent = function(stateObj) {
      // Check to make sure that this state object is not null.
      if (stateObj) {
        document.title = stateObj.title;
        titleElement.innerHTML = stateObj.title;
        contentElement.innerHTML = stateObj.content;
      }
    };

Adding Event Listeners For The Navigation Links

Now we need to setup some event listeners that will fire when the user clicks on one of the navigation buttons. We use a for loop here to cycle through each of the navLinks and apply the listener for the click event.

Inside the callback of the event listener a call to e.preventDefault() should stop the browser from attempting to load the link.

We then need to fetch the page data from the pages array. We do this by first getting the value of the href attribute on the link that was clicked. This is then split at the . producing an array like ["index", "html"]. Selecting the first element in this array gives us the key needed to access the appropriate data in the pages array.

A call to updateContent() ensures that the fetched data is displayed on the screen. Here we pass in the pageData we just retrieved. This is the same object that will be used later as the state object in our pushState() call.

Finally we need to create a new history element so we issue a call to pushState(), passing in pageData as the state object, pageData.title as the title and pageURL as the URL.

// Attach click listeners for each of the nav links.
    for (var i = 0; i < navLinks.length; i++) {
      navLinks[i].addEventListener('click', function(e) {
        e.preventDefault();
    
        // Fetch the page data using the URL in the link.
        var pageURL = this.attributes['href'].value;
        var pageData = pages[pageURL.split('.')[0]];
    
        // Update the title and content.
        updateContent(pageData);
    
        // Create a new history item.
        history.pushState(pageData, pageData.title, pageURL);
      });
    }

Listening For The popstate Event

Next we need to setup an event listener for the popstate event. This should simply call the updateContent() function and pass in the state object associated with the event.

Remember, the popstate event is called whenever the user clicks the back or forward buttons in the browser, or after calls to back(), forward() or go().

// Update the page content when the popstate event is called.
    window.addEventListener('popstate', function(event) {
      updateContent(event.state)
    });

Loading The Initial Content

The final task is to make sure that the data for the home page is displayed when the page first loads. To do this we need to call the updateContent() function and pass in the pages.index object.

We also need to update the current history object so that the state object matches the data for the home page, otherwise there will be no data to display if the user navigates back to this history entry. To do this we can use the replaceState() method. Pass in pages.index as the state object, pages.index.title as the title and an empty string ('') as the URL.

// Load initial content.
    updateContent(pages.index);
    
    // Update this history event so that the state object contains
    // the data for the homepage.
    history.replaceState(pages.index, pages.index.title, '');

That’s it! You’ve now created a simple web application that uses the History API to manage the session history.

See the Demo Download The Code Resources

Browser Support

Browser support for the History API is very good. All five major desktop browsers have support for the API.

All major mobile browsers also include support for the History API.

Source: http://caniuse.com/#feat=history

Final Thoughts

In this blog post you have learned how to use the History API to navigate and manipulate the session history.

There is no question that the History API has a place in modern web applications. As we continue to develop increasingly complex client-side applications we need to make sure that we don’t break the native functionality of the browser. The History API provides a simple solution to this problem. With great browser support there really is no reason why you can’t start using this today.

How do you plan to use the History API in your projects? Share your thoughts in the comments.

Useful Links

• Can I use… History API
• The History Interface Specification (WHATWG)

The post Getting Started With The History API appeared first on Treehouse Blog.

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