Written by Tania Lizarazo, associate professor of Latin American studies and global studies, UMBC

It’s been almost nine years since Colombia celebrated a landmark peace agreement between one guerrilla group and the government, and three years since President Gustavo Petro vowed “total peace.” But in reality, the country’s decades-long internal conflict continues – making it one of the oldest in the world.

Violence surged in early 2025, the most intense uptick in years. Fighting between two armed guerrilla groups in the northeastern Catatumbo region killed dozens of people and displaced tens of thousands more. Since the largest armed group – the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, known as FARC – signed the 2016 peace accord, more than 400 signatories have been killed. Meanwhile, more than 1,200 social leaders and human rights defenders have been assassinated.

We often define peace as the absence of war. The problem with thinking about peace and war as an all-or-nothing binary, however, is that it obscures the violence that takes place in “peaceful times.” For Colombians, that paradox is nothing new. In many communities most affected by the violence, thinking about a “post-conflict era” feels utopian.

As a Colombian researcher who has collaborated with Afro-Colombian leaders for over a decade, I have noticed that emphasizing peace talks and accords erases the historical violence that is still present, especially for racial minorities. Colombia has the largest Black population in Spanish-speaking Latin America. In Chocó – a region on the Pacific coast where I conducted my research – Afro-Colombians form a majority.

Communities there are contending not only with the contemporary conflict, but also ongoing challenges from the legacies of slavery, colonialism and extractive industries. Many residents, particularly women, work together every day to try to bring peace and justice within reach.

Rights vs. reality

Colombia has been mired in war for over six decades, as legal and illegal armed groups across the political spectrum fight for territories and resources. The conflict is estimated to have killed around 450,000 people and displaced around 7 million.

Black and Indigenous communities have disproportionately suffered the brunt of the war – especially in rural areas, where their lives and territories have been threatened by armed groups and companies alike. In Chocó Department, the site of my research, the region’s remoteness and biodiversity have attracted illegal groups and practices like drug trafficking, as well as mining and other types of resource extraction that threaten traditional livelihoods. Mercury from industrial mining poses an additional danger to people’s health and the environment.

Black rural communities in the Pacific lowlands, where most of Chocó is located, have a legal right to collective ownership of their territories and to be consulted about development plans. In reality, land grabs and targeted killings over illegal crops, mining and other extractive practices have become the norm here, as is true throughout rural Colombia.

The conflict has intensified racism and gender hierarchies, with Black women, particularly activists, especially vulnerable. Vice President Francia Márquez Mina, for example – who has won awards for her activism against illegal mining – survived an attack near her home in the nearby department of Cauca in 2019. She and her family have received other threats on their lives since then.

Building solidarity

Even in “postconflict” times, peace is a challenging task. It requires social change that does not happen overnight. Rather, it is the accumulation of tiny sparks in people’s daily commitments.

In my book “Postconflict Utopias: Everyday Survival in Chocó, Colombia,” I write about how Black women’s organizations care for their territories and communities. The “comisionadas,” for example, belong to one of the largest associations of community councils in rural Colombia, called COCOMACIA. These women travel the Atrato River and its tributaries to lead workshops about the organization, as well as territorial rights and women’s rights.

Everyone in the community is welcome to participate in dialogues about issues such as women’s political participation, land ownership and related legislation. Comisionada María del Socorro Mosquera Pérez, for example, wrote a song to share the importance of Law 1257, a landmark 2008 law against violence and discrimination against women.

In her story for the research project that I discuss in my book, “Mujeres Pacíficas,” comisionada Rubiela Cuesta Córdoba says it best: “The best legacy that one leaves to family and friends is resistance.”

One focus of these women’s groups’ work is the Atrato River itself. Since 2016, the same year of the peace accords, Colombian courts have recognized the river as a legal person, with rights to protection, conservation, maintenance and restoration.

The river is a source of food and transportation between many basin communities where potable water, electricity and other amenities are scarce. But it is also intertwined with politics and spirituality. Pilgrimages like “Atratiando,” a trip along the river and its tributaries that has taken place multiple times since 1999, highlight that there is no life without the river. Participants travel through areas where paramilitaries and guerrillas are active, showing solidarity with vulnerable communities.

COCOMACIA’s comisionadas are part of many other organizations – highlighting how survival is not only intertwined with lands and rivers, but other regions and countries. The struggle for women’s rights has led the comisionadas to collaborate with other organizations, creating wider networks of care. These include La Red Departamental de Mujeres Chocoanas, a feminist coalition of women’s organizations in Chocó; La Ruta Pacífica de las Mujeres, a feminist movement of 300 organizations from across Colombia; and Women in Black, an anti-militarism network with members in over 150 countries.

Their solidarity is a reminder that peace and justice are a collaborative, everyday effort. As Justa Germania Mena Córdoba, leader of the comisionadas at the time, told me in 2012: “One cannot change the world by herself.”

This article has been updated to correct the description of COCOMACIA.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original and see more than 250 UMBC articles available in The Conversation.

As you may have already received an email or have otherwise heard, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) issued a Dear Colleague Letter that stated Principal Investigators and co-PIs named on an NSF award made after 5/20/24 must certify on an annual basis in research.gov that they are not part of a Malign Foreign Talent Recruitment Program (MFTRP).  Individuals who are party to an MFTRP are not eligible to serve as senior/key personnel on an NSF proposal.  Furthermore, all federal grant funding agencies have similar provisions that prohibit key personnel from participation in an MFTRP.   

This new directive from NSF should have very little impact on the UMBC research community as UMBC implemented a question regarding MFTRPs into the Kuali COI disclosure process over a year ago.  This new NSF directive doesn't replace UMBC's policy on MFTRPs and yes, unfortunately it does create duplicative reporting requirements.  As the UMBC research community receives grants from multiple federal grant funding agencies, and each agency has slight variations on MFTRP prohibitions, we cannot rely exclusively on one federal agency to handle this responsibility on our behalf.  Therefore, the MFTRP attestation statement will remain a part of your annual COI disclosure requirements.  

MFTRPs, also sometimes referred to Foreign Talent Recruitment Programs (FTRPs), are not uniformly defined by various federal agencies and are considered unmanageable conflicts of interest.   MFTRPs are in essence clandestine research programs sponsored by foreign governments, oftentimes who are adversarial to the U.S. government, that fall outside of the scope of normal international collaborations and accepted practices.  These programs typically direct participants to not disclose their participation or to even take measures to actively conceal their involvement in the MFTRP from their institution as well as federal grant funding agencies, do not allow for open research publications and may ask participants to engage in activities that would be considered unethical by their institution or even illegal, such as violating U.S. export laws.  Should you ever have questions about an international collaboration that you are concerned about, please contact ORPC at researchintegrity@umbc.edu   or you can visit Domestic and International Affiliations and Collaborations – Division of Research & Creative Achievement – UMBC for more information. 

UPDATE: Below is the question as it appears in Research.gov that requires an answer:

* Required
In accordance with the NSF Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG) Chapter II.D.1.e(ii) C, all senior/key personnel who are party to a malign foreign talent recruitment program are not eligible to serve on an NSF award made on or after May 20th, 2024. On an annual basis, Pls and co-Pls are required to certify that they are not party to a malign foreign talent recruitment program (MFTRP). For your reference, the definition of an MFTRP can be found here C.

* In your role as a PI or co-Pl, are you party to a malign foreign talent recruitment program? 

No

Yes

On May 29, 2025, Sonya Squires-Caesar of LLC Cohort 13 successfully defended her dissertation and earned the title of Doctor of Philosophy.

Her virtual defense went smoothly and she gave a powerful presentation of her dissertation research, Money Tales: Tangled Financial Socialization of US Immigrants’ Use of Rotating Savings and Credit Association.

The LLC program wishes to acknowledge the guidance and commitment of Sonya's committee:

Co-Chairs:

            Craig Saper, Language, Literacy, and Culture

            Ramon Goings, , Language, Literacy, and Culture

Members:   

            Nicole King, American Studies

            Tamara Bhalla, American Studies

            Yvette Mozie-Ross, Enrollment Management

UMBC senior track and field student-athlete Anjayooluwa “Jayo” Adegboyo, biochemistry and molecular biology, was named the 2025 Arthur Ashe Jr. Male Sports Scholar of the Year by Diverse: Issues in Higher Education magazine. The publication sponsors the Arthur Ashe Jr. Sports Scholar Awards to honor students of color who have excelled in the classroom and on the athletic field and demonstrate a commitment to community service and student leadership. Adegboyo was chosen from among 700 nominated student-athletes in the country for best exemplifying the standards of scholarship, athleticism, and humanitarianism.

Adegboyo is a sprinter in track and field. He is a member of the bronze-winning 4x400m team that set a new school record during the 2023-2024 season. He also posted the second fastest time in school history in the 400 meters at the America East Conference Championships.

Off track, he volunteers at the University of Maryland Medical Center’s Trauma Resuscitation Unit and the Howard County Food Bank. He also serves as a mentor to younger peers in the chemistry, biology, and physics departments and conducts research to investigate how metabolic nutrients arrange inside cells to discover markers for cancer cells versus normal cells.

“Since his arrival to UMBC, Jayo has brought his dynamic approach to his athletic and academic experiences,” said UMBC head track and field coach David Bobb ’02. “Jayo’s fun-loving personality disguises his relentless pursuit of excellence, and that combination makes him an obvious asset.”

As you may have already received an email or have otherwise heard, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) issued a Dear Colleague Letter that stated Principal Investigators and co-PIs named on an NSF award made after 5/20/24 must certify on an annual basis in research.gov that they are not part of a Malign Foreign Talent Recruitment Program (MFTRP).  Individuals who are party to an MFTRP are not eligible to serve as senior/key personnel on an NSF proposal.  Furthermore, all federal grant funding agencies have similar provisions that prohibit key personnel from participation in an MFTRP.    As of the date of this notification (6/6/2025), UMBC has not received nor had an opportunity to review the actual question that is being asked by NSF in this disclosure requirement.

This new directive from NSF should have very little impact on the UMBC research community as UMBC implemented a question regarding MFTRPs into the Kuali COI disclosure process over a year ago.  This new NSF directive doesn't replace UMBC's policy on MFTRPs and yes, unfortunately it does create duplicative reporting requirements.  As the UMBC research community receives grants from multiple federal grant funding agencies, and each agency has slight variations on MFTRP prohibitions, we cannot rely exclusively on one federal agency to handle this responsibility on our behalf.  Therefore, the MFTRP attestation statement will remain a part of your annual COI disclosure requirements.  

MFTRPs, also sometimes referred to Foreign Talent Recruitment Programs (FTRPs), are not uniformly defined by various federal agencies and are considered unmanageable conflicts of interest.   MFTRPs are in essence clandestine research programs sponsored by foreign governments, oftentimes who are adversarial to the U.S. government, that fall outside of the scope of normal international collaborations and accepted practices.  These programs typically direct participants to not disclose their participation or to even take measures to actively conceal their involvement in the MFTRP from their institution as well as federal grant funding agencies, do not allow for open research publications and may ask participants to engage in activities that would be considered unethical by their institution or even illegal, such as violating U.S. export laws.  Should you ever have questions about an international collaboration that you are concerned about, please contact ORPC at researchintegrity@umbc.edu   or you can visit Domestic and International Affiliations and Collaborations – Division of Research & Creative Achievement – UMBC for more information.  

The 2025-2026 Undergraduate Catalog has been published and is available

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