6 Ways to Make Humanities Content More Accessible

A student pulls up the assigned primary source the night before class: a scanned nineteenth-century pamphlet, photographed at an angle, half the page lost in shadow. She can make out maybe two-thirds of the text. The rest she'll have to guess -- or skip. She hasn't even reached the difficult work of interpreting the source yet.

Fixing that barrier matters. But even when a text, image, or primary source is technically accessible, students may still struggle to navigate a dense argument, understand an unfamiliar context, or recognize what deserves their attention. Making a source technically accessible is an essential first step. Then ask whether students can use it to achieve the intended learning objective.

That's where the learning purpose becomes important. Humanities courses often ask students to engage with material that is dense, ambiguous, unfamiliar, or complex, and much of that complexity belongs in the course. Before changing the source or activity, ask: What are students supposed to interpret, analyze, or communicate? What needs to remain difficult for that learning to happen?

Then, consider where different learners might get stuck. The goal isn't to simplify the source. It's to reduce barriers that aren't part of interpreting it.

1. Make the Text Reachable Before Asking Students to Read It

A scanned page may look like text, but to a screen reader -- or a student who wants to search, highlight, or resize it -- it may be just an image.

Before students can analyze an argument or perform a close reading, they need access to the words themselves.

• Choose a native, searchable version when one exists.

• Run image-based scans through optical character recognition (OCR) and check the results for errors. For PDFs, follow the instructions for running OCR with Blackboard Ally or recognizing text with Adobe Acrobat. 

  • To access these tools, view UMBC’s software catalog entries for Blackboard Ally or Adobe Acrobat.

• Pay particular attention to names, unfamiliar vocabulary, footnotes, and older typefaces.

Quick check: Can you select a sentence and search the document for a word you can see? If not, the file may need attention.

The document's age may be part of what makes it worth studying. It shouldn't also be what makes it unreachable.

2. Give Difficult Sources Another Way In

Handwritten letters, manuscripts, historical newspapers, and other archival materials may be intentionally difficult objects of study. Accessibility doesn't require replacing the original with a cleaned-up version.

• Pair handwritten, faded, or difficult-to-read sources with a transcription when possible.

• Keep the original available when layout, annotations, or physical characteristics matter to the analysis.

• Explain unfamiliar abbreviations or notation when deciphering them isn't part of the learning goal.

Image: Illustrative example of handwritten letter and transcription.

For example: Keep the original manuscript but provide a transcription alongside it. Students can still examine handwriting, layout, and other material features while using the transcription to access the words. The transcription removes an unnecessary barrier while preserving the interpretive work.

3. Describe What Students Need to Interpret

A painting, political cartoon, map, photograph, or manuscript image may be technically accessible and still not provide students with enough information to perform the analysis.

Start with the assignment: What do students need to notice in order to interpret the source themselves?

• Use brief alternative text when identifying the image is sufficient.

• Provide a longer description when students need significant visual detail.

• Describe relevant composition, objects, text, spatial relationships, or other observable features.

• Separate description from interpretation.

The goal isn't to interpret the image for students. It's to make sure every student has something to interpret.

4. Support Navigation Without Simplifying the Text

A difficult text should sometimes be difficult. Philosophy, theory, literature, and primary sources can require sustained attention, ambiguity, and rereading. Yet intellectual difficulty isn't the same as difficulty navigating a poorly structured document, or not knowing what to attend to.

• Use headings and a navigable structure when the source allows it.

• Break very long readings into meaningful sections where appropriate.

• Provide questions students can track as they read.

• Point out major shifts in an argument or places where especially close reading will be useful.

Structure doesn't simplify the text. It helps students direct their effort toward the complexity that matters.

Try this: Before assigning a challenging reading, identify two or three places where students may lose the thread of the argument. Provide guiding questions at those points without explaining the author's conclusions. What support might help students navigate the text while preserving the work of interpretation?

5. Make Multimedia Available for Close Study

Documentaries, recorded lectures, oral histories, and archival audio aren't simply things students watch or hear. They're often sources students need to quote, revisit, compare, and analyze.

• Caption video and provide transcripts for audio.

• Check automated captions for names, places, quotations, and specialized terminology.

• Describe significant visual information when meaning depends on what students can see as well as hear.

A transcript does more than provide technical access. It can let students search for a phrase, compare languages, annotate a passage, or return to a difficult moment.

6. Give Students More Than One Way to Develop an Interpretation

A class discussion may be completely accessible from a technical standpoint and still privilege students who process quickly and are comfortable speaking without preparation.

• Share discussion questions in advance when possible.

• Give students time to write, annotate, or gather evidence before discussion.

• Offer a written way to contribute alongside live discussion when appropriate.

Try this: Before the discussion, give students two minutes to write one claim and identify one piece of evidence from the source. The goal is to help you understand how students interpret the material, not to measure who can formulate an interpretation fastest.

Try One Purposeful Change

First, choose one source or activity where students seem to struggle. Ask: What are students supposed to interpret or analyze? What difficulty belongs to that work—and what difficulty doesn't?

Then, try one change that reduces an unnecessary barrier while preserving the intellectual challenge.

Finally, look for one reasonable sign that the change helped. Are students asking fewer questions about accessing or navigating the source? Are they citing stronger evidence? Are discussions spending more time on what the source means?

Use what you notice to decide what to keep, adjust, or try next.

Keep Exploring

Find step-by-step guidance and additional resources for creating accessible course content on the Digital Accessibility website.

We'll explore strategies like these at Remove Barriers, Not Complexity: Designing Accessible Humanities Learning on October 28. Bring a reading, image, primary source, or discussion activity from your course.