The shape of a mouse brain filled with brightly colored lines and smudges on a black background.

Understanding the Brain

The U.S. National Science Foundation invests in research to understand the complex inner workings of the brain and to use this knowledge to develop technologies that improve people's lives and further the advancement of science. To yield these insights, NSF supports creative and integrative research across diverse areas of science and engineering. 

These strategic investments will facilitate research and infrastructure development to revolutionize our understanding of ourselves, our relationships with others and our interactions with our constantly changing environment.

Brought to you by NSF

NSF's strategic investments support research and infrastructure that will revolutionize the understanding of the brain. Pioneering work supported by NSF includes:

Neural networks

NSF-funded research has contributed to the development of neuromorphic computing systems. These systems mimic the architecture and functioning of the human brain, leading to advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Connectomes

NSF-funded researchers created new technologies for mapping the connectome of the brain. This comprehensive map illustrates neural connections that affect brain function.

Novel human-robot interfaces

NSF-funded research has facilitated direct brain-to-device communication to improve the accessibility and user-friendliness of robotic prosthetics and other assistive technologies for individuals with disabilities. 

AI and brain data science

NSF-funded research has leveraged AI and data science to tackle biomedical and public health challenges, such as enhancing neurological rehabilitation methods, developing diagnostic tools for neurological diseases and implementing innovative healthcare approaches.

What NSF supports

Neural mechanisms and processes

Much remains to be discovered and understood about how the nervous system is organized and operates — from the basic components, processes and mechanisms of nervous systems to how the system controls complex behavior and cognitive function. 

NSF advances this endeavor by supporting a range of research across scales, from the molecular to the complex behavioral aspects of organisms, incorporating various perspectives and approaches.

Understanding Intelligence

Advancement in understanding intelligence — including how organisms sense, learn, reason and communicate — can provide insights into how biological and artificial systems exhibit traits such as flexibility, resourcefulness, creativity, real-time responsiveness, long-term reflection and competence in complex environments and social contexts. 

NSF supports numerous approaches to understanding intelligence, including behavioral, biological, cognitive, computational, engineering and mathematical fields that connect and contribute to one another.

Brain-Inspired Concepts and Design

The brain inspires novel conceptual paradigms and innovative technologies and designs that advance science and engineering to benefit society. Flexible, self-organizing, and energy- and data-efficient, the brain continues to be a source of inspiration for future technologies and discovery of scientific principles. 

NSF supports these endeavors using a wide range of disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches with applications in diverse fields, including bioengineering and health care, computation, communication, sensing, efficiency and network dynamics, robotics, civil infrastructure and advanced manufacturing.

Theory, Computation, Analysis and Modeling of Brain Function

Understanding the complexity and foundational principles of the brain requires a rich set of theoretical, computational, analytical and modeling approaches. In turn, increased understanding of the brain advances these approaches through the design and refinement of new theories, algorithms, modeling techniques, analysis methods and more. 

NSF supports these endeavors using a range of disciplinary and interdisciplinary areas, including biology, chemistry, computing, engineering, information and data sciences, mathematics and physics.

People and Society: Human Cognition and Behavior

The human brain enables the qualities that define humanity, including intelligence, imagination, creativity, art, music, mathematics, language, science, and religion. Human brains and behavior are shaped during development and learning by societal and cultural context, knowledge and tradition. 

Various programs at NSF seek to understand neural computations and the architecture of the human brain that give rise to human cognition and behavior in the contexts of societal, cultural and biological evolution.

Neurotechnology and Infrastructure

The enterprise of understanding the brain requires innovation in technology and infrastructure. At NSF, a range of programs exist to support technological advancements — such as advances in research processes or education or new tools to meet societal needs — as well as the development of new human capital, cyber and physical infrastructure and capacity building to support the research endeavor.

NSF-supported resources

Contact us

For general inquiries, email understandingthebrain@nsf.gov, or contact program staff listed in the individual funding opportunity description.